The 100 most endangered species on the planet – the list in full

Plougshare tortoise Population size: 440 - 770 individuals Range: 25-60km2 in Baly Bay region, northwestern Madagascar Primary threats: Illegal collection for international pet trade Action required: Enforcement of legal protection and protected area management Rio Pescado stubfoot toad Population size: Unknown Range: Azuay, Cañar and Guyas provinces, south-western Ecuador Threats: Chytridiomycosis and habitat destruction due to logging and agricultural expansion Action required: Protection of last remaining habitat Pygmy three-toed sloth Population size: < 500 individuals Range: Approximately 1.3km2 – 1.5km2 on Isla Escudo de Veraguas, Panama Threats: Habitat loss due to illegal logging of mangrove forests for firewood and construction and hunting of the sloths Action required: Enforcement of protection of the Isla Escudo de Veraguas nature sanctuary and raising awareness Tarzan's chameleon Population size: Unknown Range: < 10km2 in Anosibe An'Ala region, eastern Madagascar Primary threats: Habitat destruction for agriculture Action required: Support for nascent community conservation initiatives and protection of habitat Seychelles sheath-tailed bat Population size: < 100 mature individuals Range: Two small caves on Silhouette and Mahé, Seychelles Threats: Habitat degradation and predation by invasive species Action required: Removal of invasive vegetation and control of introduced predators, coupled with legal protection of habitat and roosting sites Aggressive control of invasive vegetation and predators, drawing from international experience in the eradication of these threats, could assist this little bats recovery. Jamaican iguana, Jamaican rock iguana Population size: Unknown Range: < 10km2 core area in Hellshire Hills, Jamaica Primary threats: Predation by introduced species and habitat destruction Action required: Translocation to predator-free islands and control of deforestation Cayman Islands ghost orchid Population size: Unknown Range: 6 acres in Ironwood Forest, George Town, Grand Cayman Threats: Habitat destruction due to infrastructure development Action required: Development of legislation that will facilitate the protection of the Ironwood Forests Wild yam Population size: 200 individuals Range: Oshoek area, Mpumalanga, South Africa Primary threats: Collection for medicinal use Action required: Develop strategy for sustainable use and establish ex-situ populations Spoon-billed sandpiper Population size: < 100 breeding pairs Range: Breeds in Russia, migrates along the East Asian-Australasian Flyway to wintering grounds in Bangladesh and Myanmar. Primary threats: Trapping on wintering grounds and land reclamation. Actions required: Maintenance of critical intertidal staging posts and reducing trapping on wintering grounds. • Read the latest from the Guardian on conservation efforts to save the spoon-billed sandpiper Liben lark Population size: 90 - 256 individuals Range: < 36km2 in the Liben Plains, southern Ethiopia Threats: Habitat loss and degradation due to agricultural expansion, over- grazing and fire suppression Action required: Restoration of grasslands, including establishing sustainable land management practices, clearing scrub and reinstating fire regime Singapore freshwater crab Population size: Unknown Range: Bukit Timah Nature Reserve and streamlet near Bukit Batok, Singapore Primary threats: Habitat degradation – reduction in water quality and quantity Actions required: Protection of remaining habitat and establishment of ex-situ populations Edwards's pheasant Population size: Unknown Range: Quang Binh, Quang Tri and Thua Thien-Hue, Viet Nam Threats: Hunting and habitat loss Action required: Effective law enforcement, habitat restoration and development of a captive breeding programme Attenborough's pitcher plant Population size: Unknown Range: < 1km2 on either side of the summit of Mount Victoria, Palawan, Philippines Primary threats: Poaching Actions required: Creation of a protected area and enforcement of current legal protection Luristan newt Population size: < 1,000 mature individuals Range: < 10km2 area of occupancy in Zagros Mountains, Lorestan, Iran Primary threats: Illegal collection for pet trade Action required: Enforcement of protection Vaquita Population size: < 200 individuals and declining Range: core area of approximately 2,500km2 in Northern Gulf of California, Mexico Primary threats: Incidental capture in gillnets Actions required: Ban on use of gillnets throughout the species' range Greater bamboo lemur 100-160 individuals Range: Southeastern and southcentral rainforests of Madagascar Primary threats: Habitat destruction due to slash-and-burn agriculture, mining and illegal logging Action required: Habitat protection and reforestation in the Ivato and Karlanaga regions Saola Population size: Unknown Range: Annamite mountains, on the Vietnam - PDR Laos border Threats: Hunting and habitat destruction Action required: Increase enforcement efforts and habitat protection Red River giant softshell turtle Population size: 4 individuals Range: Hoan Kiem Lake and Dong Mo Lake, Viet Nam, and Suzhou Zoo, China Primary threats: Hunting for consumption and habitat destruction and degradation as a result of wetland destruction and pollution Actions required: Education and awareness programmes, and captive breeding Javan rhino Population size: < 100 individuals Range: Ujung Kulon National Park, Java, Indonesia Threats: Hunting for traditional medicine and small population size Action required: Enforcement of protection laws and possible establishment of a captive breeding programme • Read the Guardian feature on how the Javan rhino is clinging on in its last stronghold Cebu frill-wing Population size: Unknown Range: < 1km2 in a rivulet beside the Kawasan River, Cebu, Philippines Primary threats: Habitat degradation and destruction Actions required: Designation of area as 'Critical Habitat' – restricting human access to the area Red-finned Blue-eye Population size: 2,000 - 4,000 individuals Range: Edgbaston Station, central western Queensland, Australia Threats: Predation by introduced species Action required: Control of the invasive species Gambusia holbrooki, and reintroduction of S.vermeilipinnis Estuarine pipefish Population size: Unknown Range: Kariega Estuary to East Kleinemonde Estuary, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa Threats: Construction of dams altering river flows and flood events into estuaries Action required: Establishment of a freshwater 'reserve', pollution control and implementation of water use allocations Suicide Palm, Dimaka Population size: 90 individuals Range: Analalava district, north-western Madagascar Threats: Habitat loss due to fires, logging and agricultural developments Action required: Establishment of a protected area and development of a management plan Bullock's false toad Population size: Unknown Range: < 500km2, Nahuelbuta, Arauco Province, Chile Primary threats: Habitat destruction as a result of construction of a hydro-electricity scheme Actions required: Halting development of the hydro-electricity scheme and protecting habitat Baishan fir Population size: 5 mature individuals Range: Baishanzu Mountain, Zhejiang, China Primary threats: Agricultural expansion and fire Actions required: Ex-situ conservation and re-introduction, and establishment of a protected area Araripe manakin Population size: 779 individuals Range: 28km2 distribution, Chapado do Araripe, South Ceará, Brazil Primary threats: Habitat destruction due to expansion of agriculture and recreational facilities and water diversion Actions required: Formal protection of remaining habitat and protection of springs and streams Amani flatwing Population size: < 500 individuals Range: <10km2 area of occupancy, Amani-Sigi Forest, Usamabara Mountains, Tazania Primary threats: Habitat degradation due to increasing population pressure and water pollution Action required: Habitat protection Bulmer's fruit bat Population size: approximately 150 individuals Range: <10km2 area of occupancy, Luplupwintern Cave, Western Province, Papua New Guinea Primary threats: Hunting and cave disturbance Action required: Protection of Luplupwintern cave and enforced prohibition of hunting Leaf scaled sea-snake Population size: Unknown Range: Ashmore Reef and Hibernia Reef,Timor Sea Primary threats: Unknown - likelydegradation of coral reef habitat Action required: Evaluate reasons for population decline and formulate appropriate management plans Aci Göl toothcarp Population size: few hundred pairs Range: small springs, south-eastern shore of former Lake Aci, Turkey Primary threats: Competition and predation by Gambusia and road construction Action required: Raise awareness in national conservation groups and governments, monitor and conserve current springs, develop action plan for lost springs and maintain captive populations Actinote zikani Population size: Unknown Range: Near Sao Paulo, Atlantic forest, Brazil Primary threats: Habitat degradation due to pressure from human populations Action required: Protection of habitat and Mikania obsoleta (host plant) Antisolabis seychellensis Population size: Unknown Range: 5km2 area of occupancy, Morne Blanc, Mahé island, Seychelles Primary threats: Invasive species and climate change Action required: Habitat management to prevent further invasion by introduced plants White bellied heron Population size: 70 - 400 individuals Range: 56,300km2 in Bhutan, North East India and Myanmar Primary threats: Habitat destruction and degradation due to hydropower development Actions required: Develop captive rearing and release program, eliminate adverse uses of riverine habitat, and mitigate effects of hydroelectric development Giant yellow croaker Population size: Unknown Range: Chinese coast from Yangtze River,China to Hong Kong Primary threats: Over-fishing, primarily due to value of swim-bladder for traditional medicine - cost per kilogram exceeded that of gold in 2001 Actions required: Establishment of appropriate protection in Hong Kong and enforcement of legal protection in China Galapagos damsel fish Population size: Unknown Range: Unknown Primary threats: Climate Change -oceanographic changes associated with the1982 / 1983 El Nino are presumed to be responsible for the apparent disappearance of this species from the Galapagos Action required: Surveys to identify if the species still exists in Los Lobos Islands Hirola Population size: <1,000 individuals Range: South-east Kenya and possibly south-west Somalia Primary threats: Habitat loss and degradation, competition with livestock, poaching Action required: Establishment of protected areas and community conservancies, increase in level of management and protection of wild population Madagascar pochard Population size: approx 20 mature individuals Range: 1km2 volcanic lakes north of Bealanana, Madagascar Primary threats: Habitat degradation due to slash-and-burn agriculture, hunting, and fishing / introduced fish Action required: Formal protection of current breeding site, habitat restoration, and development of release programme for captive-bred individuals • Watch a video of a Madagascar pochard duckling Bazzania bhutanica Population size: Individuals unknown, two populations Range: <10km2 area of occupancy in Budini and Lafeti Khola, Bhutan Primary threats: Habitat degradation and destruction due to forest clearance, overgrazing and development Action required: Protection of area to prevent future development damaging remaining habitat Great indian bustard Population size: 50 - 249 mature individuals Range: 570,000km2 in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashta, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Madhya, India Primary threats: Habitat loss and modification due to agricultural development Action required: Establishment of protected areas and community reserves, and realignment of Indira Ghandi Nahar Canal Project Common batagur, Four-toed terrapin Population size: Unknown Range: Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Indonesia and Malaysia Primary threats: Illegal export and trade from Indonesia to China Action required: Enforcement of CITES Appendix I restrictions and control of illegal trade Franklin's bumblebee Population size: Unknown Range: Oregon and California, United States of America Primary threats: Disease from commercially bred bumblebees and habitat destruction and degradation Actions required: Protection of habitat containing nectar and pollen sources Willow blister Population size: Unknown Range: Pembrokeshire, United Kingdom Primary threats: Limited availability of habitat Actions required: Continue protection of current populations and habitat regeneration projects Roloway guenon Population size: Unknown Range: Cote d'Ivoire Primary threats: Hunting for consumption as bushmeat and habitat loss Action required: Protection of habitat from logging and conversion to agricultural land Amsterdam albatross Population size: 100 mature individuals Range: Breeds on Plateuau des Tourbières, Amsterdam Island, Indian Ocean. Primary threats: Disease and incidental by-catch in long-line fishing operations Action required: Prevention of the spread of disease and promotion of best-practice measures in all fisheries within the species range Santa Catarina's guinea pig Population size: 40-60 individuals Range: 4ha on Moleques do Sul Island, Santa Catarina, Brazil Primary threats: Habitat disturbance and possible hunting; small population effects Action required: Protected area enforcement and regulation of access to the island Sumatran rhino Population size: <250 mature individuals Range: Sabah, Sarawak and Peninsular Malaysia, Kalimantan and Sumatra, Indonesia Primary threats: Hunting for horn - used in traditional medicine Action required: Expansion and reinforcement of anti-poaching programmes and continuation of captive breeding efforts • How the Sumatran rhino's survival hopes ride on Puntung and Tam Callitriche pulchra Population size: Unknown Range: 2m x 1m pool on Gavdos, Greece Primary threats: Exploitation of the species' habitat by stock, and modification of the pool by local people Action required: Provide alternative water sources for stock, involve local people in the protection of the pool and document remaining water bodies on Gavdos Nelson's small-eared shrew Population size: Unknown Range: <100km2 extent of occurence, Volcán San Martín Tuxtla, Veracruz, Mexico Primary threats: Habitat loss due to logging, cattle grazing, fire and agriculture Action required: Surveys to map species range; improved protected area management Diospyros katendei Population size: 20 individuals, one population Range: Kasyoha-Kitomi Forest Reserve, Uganda Primary threats: High pressure from communities for agricultural activity, illegal tree felling, habitat degradation due to alluvial gold digging and small population Actions required: Enforcement of legal protection of area, field surveys for further search and ex-situ conservation in arboreta/botanic gardens Elaeocarpus bojeri Population size: <10 individuals Range: Grand Bassin, Mauritius Primary threats: Habitat degradation Actions required: Unknown - trees are currently being closely monitored to determine level of threat and how these should be addressed Dombeya mauritania Population size: Unknown Range: Mauritius Primary threats: Habitat degradation and destruction due to encroachment by alien invasive plant species and cannabis cultivation Action required: Control of invasive plant species, habitat protection and re-introduction of propagated individuals Chilenito Population size: <500 individuals Range: Pta Molles and Pichidungui, Chile Primary threats: Collection of flowering individuals Action required: Protection of plants through construction of a fence and signage alerting people to threatened status Hula painted frog Population size: Unknown Range: <2km2 in Hula Valley, Israel Primary threats: Predation by birds and range restriction due to habitat destruction Action required: Restoration of habitat Macaya breast-spot frog Population size: Unknown Range: Formon and Macaya peaks, Masif de la Hotte, Haiti Primary threats: Habitat destruction due to charcoal production and slash-and-burn agriculture Action required: Protection of habitat Dipterocarpus lamellatus Population size: 12 individuals Range: Siangau Forest Reserve, Sabah, Malaysia Primary threats: Habitat loss and degradation due to logging of lowland forest and creation of industrial plantations Action required: Restoration of Sianggau Forest Reserve and re-introduction of species to previous range La Hotte glanded frog Population size: Unknown Range: Massif de la Hotte, Haiti Primary threats: Habitat destruction due to charcoal production and slash-and-burn agriculture Action required: Habitat protection Coral tree Population size: < 50 individuals Range: Namatimbili-Ngarama Forest, Tanzania Primary threats: Limited habitat and small population size increasing vulnerability to stochastic events Actions required: Complete establishment of Forest Reserves and continue propagation efforts, ex-situ conservation Northern bald ibis Population size: 200 – 249 mature individuals Range: Breeds in Morocco, Turkey and Syria. Syrian population winters in central Ethiopia Primary threats: Habitat degradation and destruction, and hunting Action required: Protection of key breeding and roosting sites Hemicycla paeteliana Population: Unknown Range: 8km2 area of occupancy, Jandiapeninsula, Fuerteventura, Canary Islands Primary threats: Habitat destruction due to overgrazing and trampling by goats and tourists Action required: Conservation of habitat and control of goats, and limiting recreational access to area by tourists Ficus katendei Population size: < 50 mature individuals Range: Kasyoha-Kitomi Forest Reserve, Ishasha River, Uganda Primary threats: Agricultural activity, illegal tree felling and habitat degradation due to alluvial gold digging Action required: ex-situ conservation in arboreta / botanic gardens; enforcement of protection to contain encroachment and habitat degradation; community development programmes in areas adjacent to the reserve Table mountain ghost frog Population size: Unknown Range: 9km2, Table Mountain, Western Cape Province, South Africa Primary threats: Habitat degradation due to invasive plants and water abstraction Action required: Protection of habitat, continued implementation of management plans and integration of activities between sites Euphorbia tanaensis Population size: 4 mature individuals Range: Witu Forest Reserve, Kenya Primary threats: Illegal logging and habitat degradation due to agricultural expansion and infrastructure development Action required: Enforcement of legal protection in the Witu Forest Reserve, which has diminished due to civil insecurity Gocea ohridana Population size: Unknown Range: <10km2 area of occupancy, Lake Ohrid, Macedonia Primary threats: Habitat degradation due to increasing pollution levels, off-take of water and sedimentation events Action required: Implement transboundary agreements to improve habitat management Gigasiphon macrosiphon Population size: 33 mature individuals Range: Kaya Muhaka, Gongoni and MrimaForest Reserves, Kenya, Amani Nature Reserve, West Kilombero Scarp Forest Reserve, and Kihansi Gorge, Tanzania Primary threats: Timber extraction and habitat degradation due to agricultural encroachment and development, seed predation by wild pigs Actions required: Enforcement of protection in reserves and establishment of management plan to mitigate effects of water loss from hydroelectricity developments Hibiscadelphus woodii Population size: Unknown Range: Kalalau Valley, Hawaii Primary threats: Habitat degradation due to feral ungulates and invasive introduced plant species Actions required: Survey the extremely steep terrain for additional individuals. Control of invasive species in the remaining suitable habitat so that species can be reintroduced if more individuals are located Dusky gopher frog Population size: 60-100 individuals Range: < 10km2 area of occupancy in Harrison County, Mississippi, USA Primary threats: Fungal disease and habitat limitation due to climate change and land-use changes Actions required: Protection of habitat and management of population to prevent spread of disease Archey's frog Population size: Unknown Range: Coromandel peninsula and Whareorino Forest, New Zealand Primary threats: Chytridiomycosis and predation by invasive species Action required: Continuation of current conservation efforts Moominia willii Population size: <500 individuals Range: .02km2 area of occupancy on Silhouette Island, Seychelles Primary threats: Invasive species and climate change Action required: Protection of habitat and control of invasive species Belin vetchling Population size: < 1,000 Range: < 2km2, outskirts of Belin village, Antalya, Turkey Primary threats: Habitat destruction due to urbanisation, over-grazing, conifer planting and road widening Action required: Habitat protection, control of grazing, halt conifer planting and periodic sampling for ex-situ seed conservation Margaritifera marocana Population size: < 250 individuals Range: Oued Denna, Oued Abid and Oued Beth, Morocco Primary threats: Habitat degradation and disturbance due to pollution and development Action required: Habitat protection to mitigate effects of construction of hydroelectricity schemes and agricultural abstraction Sakhalin taimen Population size: Unknown Range: 233,498km2 area of occupancy, Russian far east and northern Japan Primary threats: Overfishing (sport fishing and commercial bycatch) and habitat loss from damming, agriculture and other land use practices Action required: Expansion of conservation protection in rivers in Russia and Japan and enforcement of fishing regulations Magnolia wolfii Population size: < 5 individuals Range: Risaralda, Columbia Primary threats: Isolation of species and low regeneration rates Action required: Protection of remaining population and exploration of potential for ex-situ conservation Natalus primus Cuban greater funnel eared bat Population size: <100 individuals Range: Cueva La Barca, Isle of Pines, Cuba Primary threats: Habitat loss and human disturbance Actions required: Protection of Cueva La Barca and its surrounds Parides burchellanus Population size: <100 individuals Range: Cerrado, Brazil Primary threats: Habitat degradation due to pressure from human populations and range restriction Actions required: Protection of forest habitat Pangasid catfish Population size: Unknown Range: Chao Phraya and Mekong basins in Cambodia, China, Lao PDR, Thailand and Viet Nam Primary threats: Overfishing and collection for aquarium trade Action required: Protection from overfishing and collection Gooty tarantula, metallic tarantula, peacock parachute spider, peacock tarantula, Salepurgu Population size: Unknown Range: Nandyal and Giddalur, Andhra Pradesh, India Primary threats: Habitat loss and degradation as a result of deforestation, firewood collection and civil unrest Action required: Habitat protection,awareness at community level, inclusion in the national Wildlife Protection Act and national and international trade legislation Oreocnemis phoenix Mulanje red damsel Population size: Unknown Range: <10km2 area of occupancy, Mulanje Plateau, Malawi Primary threats: Habitat destruction and degradation due to drainage, agricultural expansion and exploitation of forest Action required: Enforcement of habitat protection Qiaojia pine Population size: <25 mature individuals remaining Range: Qiaojia, Yunnan, China Primary threats: Limited distribution and small population size Action required: Ex-situ conservation and re-introduction; establishment of protected areas Hainan gibbon Population size: <20 individuals Range: 10km2 area of occupancy on Hainan Island, China Primary threats: Hunting Action required: Gun confiscation in the area of the Bawangling population and habitat protection Picea neoveitchii Population size: Unknown Range: Qinling Range, China Primary threats: Forest destruction Action required: Ex-situ conservation and re-introduction; establishment of protected areas Fatuhiva monarch Population size: 50 individuals Range: Fatu Hiva, Marquesas Islands, French Polynesia Primary threats: Predation by introduced species - Rattus rattus and feral cats Actions required: Increase control of introduced species and consider translocation, either to another island or by creating another, larger controlled area in an accessible part of Fatu Hiva Psiadia cataractae Population size: Unknown Range: Mauritius Primary threats: Habitat degradation and destruction due to development project and alien invasive plant species Actions required: Effective protection of the area, continuous and effective control of invasive alien plants particularly grasses and replanting of hardened nursery grown plants Geometric tortoise Population size: Unknown Range: Western Cape Province, South Africa Primary threats: Habitat destruction and degradation, and predation Action required: Establishment of additional reserves and management of fire regimes West Australian underground orchid Population size: < 100 individuals Range: Western Australia, Australia Primary threats: Land clearance for agriculture (96 per cent habitat cleared to date), climate change and salinisation Action required: In-situ protection of the two supporting organisms, and protection of seed stocks and the fungus partner in a seed bank Silky sifaka Population size: 100-1,000 individuals Range: Maroantsetra to Andapa basin, and Marojeju Massif, Madagascar Primary threats: Hunting and habitat disturbance Action required: Continuation and expansion of efforts to end hunting and establishment of protected areas Tonkin snub-nosed monkey Population size: < 200 individuals Range: Northeastern Viet Nam Primary threats: Habitat loss and hunting Action required: Establishment of a conservation area for Khau Ca Conservation area in Ha Giang province and increase law enforcement to reduce hunting pressure • Watch a Guardian video of the Tonkin snub-nosed monkey Common sawfish Population size: Unknown Range: Coastal tropical and subtropical waters of Indo-Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Currently largely restricted to northern Australia Primary threats: Exploitation - has removed the species from 95 per cent of its historical range Action required: Further research required to understand current distribution and threats and ways of managing these Beydaglari bush-cricket Population size: Unknown Range: Beydaglari range, Antalaya, Turkey Primary threats: Climate change / habitat loss Action required: Development of a bioacoustic monitoring scheme and strategic conservation action plan, establishment of a nature reserve, implementation of habitat management scheme, and research on population size, trends, distribution, and ecology Boni giant sengi Population size: Unknown Range: Boni-Dodori Forest, Lamu area, Kenya Primary threats: Habitat destruction due to development Actions required: Formal protection of Boni-Dodori forest and finalisation of formal identification Angel shark Population size: Unknown Range: Formerly coastal waters of NE Atlantic as far north as Norway and into the Mediterranean Sea. Now restricted to Canary Islands only Primary threats: Benthic trawling Actions required: Protection of Canary Islands habitat and nearby continental shelf habitats from trawling Red crested tree rat Population size: Unknown Range: Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia Primary threats: Habitat loss through urban development and coffee cultivation Action required: Surveys to map species range and continued habitat protection at known site of occurrence Somphongs's rasbora Population size: Unknown Range: Mae Khlong basin, Thailand Primary threats: Habitat loss and degradation from farmland conversion and urbanization Action required: Wetland restoration Durrell's vontsira Population size: Unknown Range: estimated to be 200km2 in marshes of Lake Alaotra, Madagascar Primary threats: Habitat loss Action required: Improved management of the Lake Alaotra protected area Tokudaia muenninki Okinawa spiny rat Population size: Unknown Range: 3km2 on Okinawa Island, Japan Primary threats: Habitat loss and predation by feral cats Action required: Surveys to map species range, protection of remaining habitat and feral cat control programme Rosa arabic a Population size: unknown, 10 sub-populations Range: 14.6km2, St Katherine Mountains, Egypt Primary threats: Domestic animals grazing, climate change and drought, medicinal plant collection and restricted range Action required: Protection of individuals from exploitation Chinese crested tern Population size: <50 mature individuals Range: Breeding in Zhejiang and Fujian, China, and outside breeding season in Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand Primary threats: Egg collection and habitat destruction Action required: Protect breeding sites,strengthen legal protection status and raise awareness at breeding colonies Valencia letourneuxi Population size: Unknown Range: Southern Albania and Western Greece Primary threats: Habitat destruction, water abstraction and aggressive interaction with Gambusia Actions required: Protection of habitat and control of Gambusia Zaglossus attenboroughi Attenborough's echidna Population size: Unknown Range: Cyclops Mountains, Papua Province, Indonesia Primary threats: Habitat modification and degradation due to logging, agricultural encroachment shifting cultivation and hunting by local people Action required: Enhance awareness and cultural significance of the species, establish sustainable management practices and conduct additional surveys • The Guardian's Patrick Barkham explains how this plant got its distinctive name Forest coconut Population size: <10 individuals Range: Masoala peninsula, Madagascar Primary threats: Harvesting for consumption of palm heart and deforestation Action required: Protection of individuals and habitat coupled with public awareness campaigns